THE PHOTON
Since the
1890’s and in particular 1897 the electron was first identified and
measured directly using cathode ray apparatus developed by J.J Thompson.
The last t=
wo
chapters have examined the behaviour of the electron while at the same time
presenting an intelligent analysis relating to these behaviours. In particular the last chapter
introduced the concept of the polar sheaf as well as the idea of a field of
polar sheaves. These concepts=
fit
the behaviour of the electron well.
Polar sheaves are the coupling of two adjacent bars comprised of
‘unities’ that are attracted together due to their opposed
movement. This movement and
attraction is facilitated by the fact that the unities have dipole charges
oriented parallel and in the same direction. The individual set of dipoles
admits different intensities. The intensity of the dipoles gives rise to the
intensity of the bars and subsequently the local intensity of the polar she=
af
field (PSF). The dipole-units have a spherical structure. The sphere is a s=
hell
that contains the internal electric charges – positive and negative. =
The
charges can assume a number of different positions. They can be distributed through ou=
t the
shell positive charge joined to the negative charge. In this case no dipole field is
generated. If on the other hand the charges are separated by an external el=
ectric
effect a dipole field is generated around the unit. In this case the unit exerts an
attraction on the surrounding units.
Under these circumstances the units can be bonded in a row by their
external dipole field subsequently becoming a chain. The dipole-axes are
oriented parallel with the chain and all in the same direction. (See again
diagram 2.2). Two of these chains can attach laterally and move in opposed
directions; a sheaf of such couples with the same dipole orientation can bu=
ild
a field: the PSF. The last chapter described this situation and again this
chapter seeks to develop the detail further. This process can be defined by the
following rules – these have been presented one way or another previo=
usly
but will again be presented for completeness:
<=
span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> The electr=
on
comprises of a sphere with extensions extending out perpendicular to the
sphere’s surface. These
extensions or bars are polar sheaves and they extend out into space to some
significant distance. It is the static field of the electron. At each incre=
ment
of the sphere’s radius times 1.41…(20.5) the bars
duplicate into two bars and their intensity is reduced to half. The bars fi=
ll
the surrounding space of the sphere compactly. There is no empty space. As mentio=
ned
before the bars are the extensions and are polar sheaves and they attract
laterally throughout the area of influence. The full area of influence is the =
static
field of the electron and it behaves like a body.
<=
span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> The bars h=
ave a
finite and (at the moment) uniform diameter. The units have their own
determined diameter. The intensity of the dipole field of each unit varies
between finite limits by steps of given (not infinitesimal) values – =
this
is very important and represents a different, digital way of thinking. The
field of one unit is null at a large distance.
<=
span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> Units are
spherical-shaped with the charges centered inside. The intensity of the dip=
ole
is proportional to the distance between both opposed charges. The maximum v=
alue
is when both charges are situated on the internal surface of the shell. The
minimum value is when both charges are at the centre of the unit. There is =
an
enormous number of intermediate values. The charges have a support-mechanism
that holds them at the given distance. To increase that distance energy is
absorbed (in proportion with the square) by that mechanism and released on =
the
same basis if the charges are made to move closer. The described mechanism
manages energy-interchange for the unit with its environment.
<=
span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> Units with=
out a
dipole field must exist in space and be available for electric effects in o=
rder
to create a PSF. They must have a defined size and a finite number of them
within a given volume. A structure made up of infinite units in a finite vo=
lume
is an irrational concept. It could not work in a logical and functional
universe and this again leads to the notion of a digital universe.
<=
span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> A moving c=
harged
particle (electron, positron, proton, etc.) generates a PSF. The propagatio=
n of
this generation is at the speed of light. Specifically, the ‘order of
changing’ the local intensity of a PSF is at the speed of light. The
opposed movement of both bars of a polar sheaf is also at the speed of ligh=
t,
so the relative movement between the bars of one sheaf is at double the spe=
ed
of light.
<=
span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> The EDF is=
a
special part of a PSF that belongs to the single electron. An emitted elect=
ron
creates an EDF. Increasing the speed of the electron, intensity of dipole-u=
nits
increases at a linear rate, so the internal energy of the bars increases by=
the
square. The propagation of the EDF variation is constant and at the speed of
light. The bar-propagation must follow the following rule: if there is a
variation increase in energy by n, there is a corresponding reduction in the
radius of the EDF by n. In another way, the variation of energy between two
consecutive bars (of propagation) is multiplied by the absolute internal en=
ergy
of that bar. It means that out from the central sphere of the electron alon=
g a
determined radius (the propagation-radius), the decrease of field intensity=
is
also multiplied by n. A bar of n times more energy is n times shorter. As a
consequence, the diameter of the EDF decreases by n. So, the energy is
inversely proportional to the radius. This characteristic is deducted from =
the
real behaviour of waves. This will be seen in more detail later in the chap=
ter
on WAVES. According to the described rule, the size (of the EDF sphere of e=
qual
intensity) of the EDF is inversely proportional to the energy it is
carrying.
If the electron is
decelerated, its EDF seeks to accelerate it. If the deceleration is faster =
than
the ability of the EDF to push it ahead, then the difference in the energy =
used
to push at a maximum and the energy remaining is released as a free PSF body
into space. In another way the electron was braked so quickly so as to not
allow enough time for the return of energy of the EDF back to the
electron. The result is that =
the
energy not returned is released to surrounding space because it obeys quant=
um
rules determined by the time-by-energy equal to, as identified as,
Planck’s constant. During a determined interval, the moved energy mus=
t be
equal to the respective value. In other words, time needed by the electron =
is
not always the quantum value. If the energy owned is less, the electron can=
not
release (or remove) extra energy; if the energy owned is more than the quan=
tum
value, the electron releases (or removes) the quantum value and keeps (leav=
es)
the remaining value. That is why when the electron is climbing (after being
emitted) it re-absorbs the energy of its EDF, but does not do it with all t=
he
EDF. So, the remaining EDF in turn becomes a free PSF that, over a period of
time, becomes a photon, moving away on a perpendicular path with regard to =
that
of the electron. Bars will seek to propagate laterally. This is different to the propagati=
on of
hairs of an electron as they propagate along the dipole axis. In the electr=
on
hair the generation of more dipole-units is supplied with the energy from t=
he
electron itself. The lateral duplication of bars in this example must share=
its
energy such that the total energy of the duplicated bars matches the total
energy or intensity of the original bar at duplication. As half of the
intensity means ¼ of the energy, at each duplication the remaining h=
alf
energy supplies the needs for the next duplication. That is why the hair of=
an
electron uses only the energy of all the hairs up to the first radius. (The
total energy of electron is equal to the sum of all the hairs up to the fir=
st
radii. Again it’s important to mention that the units that make up sp=
ace
represent the entities they are part of as differing energy states. Simply,=
all
units are identical and are differentiated by differing energy states. Thes=
e different
energy states determine the larger structure be it weak dipole state or
variations of strong dipole states and unit size.). In a free PSF body the =
same
rule seems to allow it to propagate in a radial sense. But the
propagation-speed is at the speed of light. As we have seen the EDF of an
electron fades away at the back to feed the total propagation at the front.=
If
the body receives any lateral impulse, there is a tendency to fade at one s=
ide
and to propagate at the opposed side. Then the body begins to move towards =
the
propagating side at the speed of light. And this “freezes” the
propagating direction because any other direction would be different with
regard to that speed. The tendency is a lateral propagation because in the
mentioned PSF body the bars are parallel (instead of radial like in the
electron). Any new bars have the same energy as the transferring one. So,
instead of a radiation of bars it is a lateral movement of bars. After this
lateral propagation of bars – or as we have also termed the bars, pol=
ar
sheaves – we end up with a spherical body of parallel polar sheaves
(parallel dipole orientation) moving in one direction perpendicular to the
dipole axis. This is why the =
photon
moves away from the electron perpendicular to the electron’s directio=
n of
travel (on a perpendicular plane). (*)
(*) Direction on that plane is determi=
ned by
a photon that passes. In a just emitted electron, if there is no photon, the
electron continues climbing up to the highest position allowed by its energ=
y.
Then it falls down to the nucleus. Only the passing photon can generate ano=
ther
photon with the energy of the EDF . Then, the direction of emission is that=
of
the passing photon. The passing photon-front incorporates the new
photon.
Now, let us retu=
rn to
the concept of ‘electroid’. The electroid is the whole field
surrounding an electron and created by the same electron of constant speed.=
It
is a body that moves with the electron at the same speed. The electron exis=
ts
inside this cocoon and represents its inertia mechanism. If the electron se=
eks
to stop, the electroid then pushes it to continue moving. This implies that=
at
any place at the back of the electron the electroid is diminishing and at a=
ny
place in front of it the electroid is increasing. Explicitly, the electroid=
(of
a single electron) is never still but is a moving body in space. From a
different viewpoint, as it fades away at the back of the electron and at the
same time its being created at the front in the path the electron is travel=
ing.
In fact the fading that occurs at the rear of the electron actually feeds t=
he
creation of the electroid at the front. If the electron increases its speed,
the described body also increases its speed and intensity. The limit in spe=
ed
of this process is the speed of light. The speed of light is not reachable =
by
the electron however it is reachable by the electroid. This fading and creating is at the=
speed
of light when it occurs but is positioned by the speed of the electron. Thi=
s is
the concept of an EDF. The EDF is not only the electroid, but includes all
behaviour representing the electrical inertia mechanism of the electron.
So, i=
f an
electron is stopped and the EDF cannot avoid it, that extra energy represen=
ting
the left over parts of the EDF if greater than the quantum value is liberat=
ed
as a photon. There are four differences between an EDF and a photon:
1)
A photon has no electron in its core. 2) A photo=
n is
always moving at the speed of the light, and can be thought of as a wave.
A
photon is spherical and made up entirely of polar sheaves. Its not that the space is parted in
front of a photon structure rather the existing unties are modified momenta=
rily
while the photon passes across them.
It is a transfer of energy. Being made up entirely of polar sheaves =
the
action is one that sees the rear of the photon fade at the same time as the
front is forming and as such maintaining a perfect sphere. This is its engine, its driver so =
to
speak. Now because the photon is really a representation of energy travelin=
g at
the speed of light, a wave, when it crosses an electron it can convert itse=
lf
into an EDF. In fact the EDF is the inverse phenomenon.
When an electron moving at constant speed is slowed down and the
energy-variation is according to quantum values, a photon would be emitted.=
A
coil with continuous current generates a PSF representing the integration of
many moving electrons. Since this is a coil and the PSF is created running
parallel to the wire then a polar-ring-field (PRF) will be created as the P=
SF
wraps around extending out from the wire. The PRF appears not to be a
‘quantum-phenomenon’ however still or moving electrons must by
default generate every PSF. The PRF may have any energy value, any size and=
it
can move at any speed (as long as that speed is less than that of light).
Nevertheless a PRF is generated by the simultaneous action of two phenomeno=
ns:
the conversion of the EDF into photons and the converting of photons into E=
DF.
The sum of the EDFs of all the electrons build the PSF and therefore the PR=
F.
So, really all kinds of PSF do represent a quantum phenomenon and can be
considered as overlapped quantum-units.
This chapter has outlined a primitive model of the photon. In fact t=
his
model describes the reasons for creation and existence far better than the =
one
created by Einstein, while at the same time not contradicting it. There are
three important differences: The
‘granulated’ structure, the
absence of the magnetic-field concept, and the
structural relation with the ‘static field’ and the
electro-inertia-mechanism of the electron. As
an advance, the outcome of the above-described model will be presented in t=
he
chapters on THE EXPERIMENT. I would also at this point make no apologies for
writing this in a form indicating it was fact and existed however I put in =
my
defence the idea that every theory is science fiction. This one, besides be=
ing
intriguing and entertaining, is also immensely useful so bare with me. The other concept is the PROPAGATIO=
N of a
change in the EDF. It is at the speed of the light. It is possible to imagi=
ne a
big EDF-cocoon with an electron within, so that a fast change in the
electron’s speed begins to generate an expanding new cocoon (inside t=
he
first) from the center and growing up to eliminate the previous cocoon. The
concept is a vector-integrating, as a final result of interactions among
electrons.
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