The Structure of Space

ETERONICS

The Structure<= span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> of Space and Applicatio= ns

ISBN 13-978-987-05-1952-2=

Ludwig&nbs= p; Sullos

INTRODUCTION<= /o:p>

“The hardest part about gaining any new idea is sweeping out the false idea occupying that niche. As long as that niche is occupied, evidence and proof= and logical demonstration get nowhere. But once the niche is emptied of the wro= ng idea that has been filling it - once you can honestly say, “I donR= 17;t know,” then it becomes possible to get at the truth.”

= &nb= sp; = &nb= sp; Robert A. Heinlein

I am Hunga= rian currently living in = Argentina. My passions are physics, music and science fiction. I began this journey of discovery some time in 1995 and have been working on it at various times ev= er since. It is a theory that is= radically different to ANY physics theory in existence.

Physics currently is “treading water” and going nowhere fast. Sure there are daily finds but they represent minuscule movements with regard to the discipline overall. Part of the problem stems from the very basis of the wa= y we measure. We have unwittingly developed the idea of “mathematics of the infinite-infinitesimal”. This type of mathematics have led us to conc= epts that can never really be proved beyond elegant mathematical models and as a= result reduce our ability to quantify for the purposes of practical application. In effect these concepts are imagi= nary and rely on our interpretation rather than exact measurement.

It is my contention that physics has made a fundamental error of analysis by ignoring the idea of waves and their inherent structure. Consequently without this b= asic premise all future ideas have been and are being woven to incorporate the f= act that space is, for the most part, empty. In such cases work-a-rounds have b= een developed to compensate for inconsistencies on analysis.

Our current doctrines fail to inform us firstly of the structure of waves and how light works within them. Particularly distressing as we enter the next century is= the total lack of knowledge as to WHY space has its particular quantum and relativistic behaviour. While concepts relating to space and time exist and= are written into every textbook there exists nothing to show WHAT space and TIME really are. For that matter nothing currently exists out there describing W= HAT inertia is. Gravity is all but a taboo subject except with regard to simple Newtonian analysis. Why haven’t we determined by now why these phenom= enon act as they do? Part of this is the previously mentioned erroneous interpre= tations made earlier last century and part of it is the stubbornness of our physics community to face up to their charter to forever question and explore curre= nt and new ideas. We seem to be sitting on the sidelines with the profession unwilling to entertain new ideas that might compromise current doctrines.

It is in t= his climate that I put forth some of the problems with our analysis techniques = and then launch into a new theory. I have aimed high here. My studies focus not= so much on how but on why these phenomena exist as they do. Knowing why empowers where as know= ing how merely assists others to follow. My theory will detail such things as t= he basic structure of space, the form of waves and the transfer of energy as w= ell as the construction at first hand of various particles. This theory is then= put to the test by an experiment I conducted which validates the existence of t= he discussed process. I admit even I was reluctant to believe in my own ideas initially but the results associated with this will impress even the most skeptical of readers into re-evaluation. The book finally finishes with a dissertation on the various applications available using these ideas.<= /o:p>

All theori= es start life as science fiction but become science fact when put to the test.= I urge the reader to enter this wit= h an open mind and plenty of patience. Chapters will need to be read and re-read= but the reward will be substantial.

= &nb= sp; = &nb= sp; = Ludwig Sullos

<= o:p>

Translated= and corrected from the original version in Spanish

“La Estructura del Espacio”

2001 ISBN 987-43-4106-8

= My special thanks to Mr. Sim= on O’Farrell (Aus= tralia) who converted my original text into proper and readable English and helped = me to clarify the description of concepts.

Text in it= alic type has been added at the last moment. I apologize for possible style or syntax errors.

THE EL= ECTRON

<= o:p>

Throughout= the last few hundred years there has been a succession of discoveries regarding= the electron. These have been bas= ed on empirical studies and observed behaviour.&= nbsp; Clearly the concepts of the electron as we now know it is based on t= hese identified premises. Our understanding centres on successively refined models based on new informati= on as it comes in. We cannot see= an electron with our eyes however we observe resultant outcomes of experiments= and then make up a story to fit the observation. This has been the process. The physical action observed doesn’t change. It cont= inues to do what it does regardless of our models. Created with our best efforts these models try to capture the essence of these observations however physi= cs is never cast in stone and while the action observed doesn’t change t= he models can and do. This chapt= er and book seeks to present just such a challenge and uses currently observed experimental outcomes gone to define it.

In this ch= apter a new model of an electron is presented based on observed behaviour. At the moment, it is empiric and high level. The description shall commence with simple topics with new details being added step by step.<= /p>

Lets first introduce the two inertia mechanisms of the electron as they exist for this= new model: the matter-wave. Its e= nergy is:

= e =3D p.v.h where

= p is mass by speed,

= v is the speed and

= h is the Planck constant.

The matter-wave has qu= antum behaviour as it depends on the Planck-constant and its energy is given by t= he inverse-square of its length. However the internal energy of the electron i= s:

E=3DMc^=
2 where

M is its ma= ss and

c is the sp= eed of light.

The total = energy of the electron is therefore E+e, being

e =3D mc2 where

m is the ad= ditional mass due to the speed and e is it’s kinetic energy.=

So, <= /o:p>

m =3D e/c² and the total mass is M + m.

That means= the electron is able to get extra mass from space. The mass m is a real mass an= d it is easy to prove this using electronic beams. As an example in a cathode ray tube it is easy to calculate the mass of the electron using values of speed (square root of voltage by the charge of the electron), deflecting power and deflected angle. By increasing the deflecting power the angle increases lineally. Increasing the speed with a constant deflecting power the angle w= ill decrease by a greater than lineal rate and so, mass is increased – the electron gains mass in relation to extra speed.

DIAGRAM 1.1

Consider th= en a new concept – an entity called an “electroid” – generat= ed by the electrostatic field of a moving electron.

The electro= id surrounds the moving electron and is composed by virtual lines parallel to = the direction of movement. Each of the lines represents a chain of dipoles whose links are dipole-unities. The chain is in fact a series of small positive a= nd negative dipoles unities connected end to end (positive linked to negative). The dipole-unities are oriented with the negative pole directed toward the direction of movement. Each unity is in fact a local electromotive force. T= he integration of these unities describes an electromotive field around the electron. That field has been represented by a display of arrows (see diagram 1.1) around = the electron. The amount of lines per one given surface-unity is constant. The number of unities per given unity-length along the dipole-line is also constant. Each dipole unity is an electromotive vector and has a determined modulus and direction. The direction is (at the moment) along the moving-li= ne of the electron and the modulus is:

F = =3D q.v.d^-2 where

= q is the charge of the electron,

= v is the speed and

= d is the distance to the electron.

The moving electron generates the field and an existing field can move the electron. A= s we are aware the action is reciprocal.

Observe the arrows of diagram 1.1. They show the local intensity and orientation of the electromotive field. The lines (not represented on the diagram) are the res= ult of linking successive arrows together. The field is a body of spherical symmetry with maximum intensity existing within the electron and decreasing with an inverse-square-ratio up to a (theoretical) infinite.

The descri= bed field generated by a moving electron pushes any other electron to move in t= he same direction and with the same speed. A positive particle (like a positro= n) is pushed in the same way but in the opposite direction.<= /p>

The electr= oids of several moving electrons would be added and they can be integrated to represent the “Electro-Dynamic-Field” (EDF). In effect it is an “inertia-wheel” of moving charges. To create such a field elect= rons must be pushed and they require energy. If something seeks to stop the electrons, the field would then push them ahead returning energy.

An electron at the same speed drags the electroid and it cannot reach the speed of light. The electroid has no surface because it expands to a theoretical infinite. While at face value this last concept is right, closer inspection tells us it is partially wrong. Really, if an electron with a fo= rmed electroid at some point changes its speed it must also vary the intensity of its electroid to reflect that change. This “variation-wave” tra= vels with the speed of light. Accordingly, the expansion of the electroid assumi= ng the change was an increase in speed is a wave governed by quantum rules.

The electroid is not a photon, however the expansion due to the acceleration of= an electron can transform it into a photon. Circumstances that provide the environment necessary for this process will be presented below. =

When an electron is accelerated the electroid only grows, however wh= en an electron is stopped the electroid can devolve into a photon. Besides, the electroid moves paral= lel to the electron while the photon moves perpendicular to the electron’s movement.

A photon c= an interact with an electron causing it to become the electron’s electro= id, providing a perpendicular velocity to the electron from the photon’s velocity vector and makes it move parallel to the photon’s electric vector. The Photon has no inertia-mass. It “hits” the electron,= but NOT like a bullet. From the electron’s viewpoint, the photon sees a moving field. It is after the collision that the photon becomes an electroi= d. The sole fact of having an electroid means the electron has a speed. Accelerating an electron creates an electroid; but the photon becomes an electroid suddenly and it is another way for the electron to acquire an electroid: it received the electroid without the requirement of being accel= erated. However there is no inertia effect due to the collision. It is an inertia-mechanism in its own right and has no inertia itself. That’s = why the electroid (ex-photon) has no inertia; it IS (has become) the inertia-bo= dy of the electron. It must first become an electroid and there after acts as = the inertia mechanism of the electron.

Now, let us consider the electron as a particle emitted by a neutron. Last century (193= 2) Chadwick discovered the neutron and it was a long time after the developmen= t of that ‘ingenuous’ idea of electron orbits. The obsessive idea was that the electron must not fall into the nucleus. Apparently the concept was supposedly based on “common sense”. According to this concept, = the idea of falling would be a catastrophic event resulting in the damaging and breaking up of the electron and the nucleus. Such ideas dominated the development of the theories of physics, obviously working within the subconscious mind of physicists. This seems to be psychology. It must not be forgotten that every theory is born within the mind as a direct result of the imagination of a h= uman being. Nobody can come close to conceptualising the true reality that is our environment. It is simply too complex to understand with mere human brains. To conceptualise a model that embodies the absorption and re-emission of an electron at the time these pioneers of physics were formulating their ideas simply must have been too difficult. Instead they settl= ed on absurd conclusions like Hiesenberg’s uncertainty principle of the probabilistic electron orbit.

Let us now foreshadow a new model that breaks new ground by introducing the idea of admission and re-emission of electrons contrasting it with the currently he= ld idea of the orbiting model as it applies to an atom.

First cons= ider a neutron. 10 minutes after being born it emits an electron and a “neutrino” reducing its mass by the value of both. When the now “thin” neutron re-absorbs just the electron, the re-emission ti= me is now much shorter because it lacks the mass equivalent to that of the neutrino. After all, if the neutron were able to emit the electron thus lea= ving a positive charge (the proton), there should be no problem with a model bas= ed on absorption and re-emission of an electron – it’s a matter of having an open mind and a willingness to break through the barriers that are doctrinated physics in search of a better truth.

Consider t= he point when the electron is re-absorbed back into the thin neutron, both (opposing) charges become eliminated. Their static fields represent the potential energy of the electron (with regard to the proton); that energy is converted into mass thus regenerating the thin neutron causing it to again re-emit an electron restarting the cycle.

Taking the current orbital model (that identifies an electron at radius r) and degener= ate the orbit through an elliptic one into a linear one, such that the smaller = axis is equal to zero and the other axis equal to 4r. The orbit time now becomes double. In contrast to the orbit model consider the same scenario but from = the “bouncing” model perspective.&= nbsp; It becomes a cycle such that an electron first falls, becoming absor= bed from a height of 2r and is then re-emitted back up to the same original hei= ght (being just a simple vertical fall and rise system). Now make the assumption that it ta= kes exactly the same time for this fall and rise as it does for one orbit in the original orbit model.

Replacing = the model of circular orbits with that of the “bouncing” electron, = the values of time and energy will still be exactly the same. Further, the kine= tic energy of an electron at orbit r is the same as that of a vertically falling electron landing at height of 2r from an infinite position. Given all the observed phenomena from the last 100 years this new view of an electronR= 17;s activity around a proton also fits faithfully into the quantum rules.<= /o:p>

Great differences do still exist however. When the electron is absorbed the static field as well as the electroid are also absorbed. In the case of a lonely proton, there will be no remaining effects from this “bounce” to determine the next emission angle.

When the electron is emitted it forms a new electroid starting again from zero. That electroid seeks to extend out again to an infinite distance and at the spee= d of light, but it has no time. This is because when the electron reaches its maximum height it begins to again descend. The electroid grows to a few thousands Angstrom and then it begins to become re-absorbed.

If a neutr= on is at the point just before the emission of an electron and a photon passes by= at the same moment the electric vector of the photon (the electric vector is perpendicular to the direction of travel – more on this later) create= s a distinct path for the about to be emitted electron. The electron will then = be emitted parallel to that electric vector.

The electro= id then grows within a new photon and if the time-by-energy factor coincides with t= hat of the passing photon, the electroid and new photon become incorporated into the wave-front vector of the passing photon. The electron will then be stop= ped at a lower height than that from which the electron originally fell from be= fore. Essentially the photon has taken some of the electron’s energy. In fa= ct the kinetic energy lost from the electron becomes the energy of the new pho= ton and this new photon is “conscripted” into the wave-front vector= of the passing photon. It is due to this phenomenon that we have laser beams.<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> Passing photons create a resulting direction of emission for an emitting electron if the two events- the passi= ng photon and the emission occur almost simultaneously. At the same time this photon will also strip kinetic energy from that electron causing the creati= on of a new photon. This photon = has an identical vector to the passing photon.

Now again observe that the obsolete orbit model cannot and does not explain why there= is no observable time for the electron falling from a higher orbit. In this new model the electron actually releases its energy when it is climbing up, not when it is falling down. It owns the energy at the emission point. If it instead had to fall from a higher orbit, it would have to wait until it rea= ched the lower height to emit any energy. Besides, quantum-value requirements si= mply could not be satisfied. The delay required for the fall in height would be enough for the wave front to pass by without any synergistic effect of two photons travelling with the same vector and the concept of the laser simply could not exist.

Now, let us examine the hydrogen spectrum. Hydrogen is the simplest atom. It has been observed that an electron falling from infinite height to the first “orbit” releases a photon of 912 Ä. Now instead of the con= cept of the orbit model let us replace the orbit of radius r by the height of 2r= .

In the first ins= tance the electron is absorbed from an “infinite” height by the proton and after a short time re-emitted. This emission is equivalent to the pushi= ng force or kinetic energy provided to an emitted particle. That particle begi= ns to form its own matter-wave. The initial speed is near to 14340 km/sec, the Length of it’s matter-wave is 0.51 Ä and its cycle-time is 1.7 x= 10^-19 sec. (For those that have a thirst for mathematics the calculation was done= in a number of steps – The first step: to calculate the speed at a heigh= t of one Compton length of the electron, which is near to 0.024 Ä based on = the potential energy between an electron and proton (a slightly unpleasant calculation). Second step: to calculate the matter-wave-length by the formu= la. Third step, the cycle-time is the inverse of the frequency. I omitted the explanation here because, at the moment, it is not essential.) <= /span>

The cycle t= ime represents the time needed to form the matter-wave.

Now at the= point of emission the electron is too near to the proton and as a result its stat= ic field will not have developed yet. At this point in the cycle the electron will be unable to form an electroid according to its extreme speed. This is the fastest the electron travels in the entire cycle and due to this speed all energy possessed is converted into a matter-wave. The electron’s electroid begins to form= immediately at the speed of light.

As the ele= ctron increases its distance from the proton, the static field grows as the elect= rons speed diminishes. The static field represents the store of potential energy between the electron and proton. It depends only on the electrons distance = from the proton. So, there are two things that absorb the energy of the matter-w= ave:

1. The formation of the static field, as constant value for each height reached.<= /p>

2. The formation of the electroid, absorbing energy with the square of the speed experienced.<= /o:p>

For the in= itial climb, the developed electroid has less energy than necessary to satisfy the quantum values required to become a photon. But with the passing of time the proton brakes the electron and the electroid grows. At a determined height therefore, the value of time by energy of the electroid reaches the Planck constant and three different events at this point can occur:

1. A photon is emitted = and the electron stops at the given height.

2. The created photon r= eturns to the electron becoming an electroid again and the electron continues climbing.

3. An electron that had originally fallen from the first height (1.06 Ä, Lyman height) from the cycle before looses all it’s energy just as it reaches the original h= eight again. Put another way all the kinetic energy at the initial point of emission has become potential energy (the static field). At this point the electron falls back into the proton a= nd the cycle restarts, resulting in a stable “bouncing” pattern – the electron is the normal electron of the atom.<= /p>

In the first case, the photon will always be emitted at a height where quantum values allow it. After emission, the electron remains caught by the proton = to behave like a continual “bouncing ball”, with the typical values and regardless of the energy of the emitted photon. Now the ratio between t= he mass and the charge of the electron creates a phenomenon. At this first hei= ght (the Lyman height) all the energy of the matter-wave will have been convert= ed into an electroid. However, during the second process of climbing away from= the proton the matter-wave and the electroid will both be reduced by the braking action of the proton. They will reach a zero value simultaneously and the electron then begins to fall back to the proton. If the electron is emitted from the proton with more energy, the conversion of the kinetic energy into= an electroid is with the square of the ratio. The electron stops inside an electroid. The electroid at t= his point can choose one of two ways to go: to become a photon that moves away = at the speed of light, or to instead be the main propulsion behind the electro= n, pushing it to go on climbing past the Lyman height.

The first option creates an emitted photon and a stopped electron that subseque= ntly falls back into the proton to begin the normal “bouncing” proce= ss again but at a different emission angle. If the emitted electron has more energy than required to reach Lyman’s height, and given that the time= for the process must always be constant at 7.651 x 10^-17 sec then the only outcome of an increase in energy is an increase in the electroid’= ;s energy. Note the bouncing spe= ed remains constant. The electroid therefore removes more energy from the matter-wave and in the form of the square of the ratio. Instead of experiencing increased = speed throughout the process of “bouncing” the electroid instead grows larger.

The electr= on reaches the Lyman’s height with the same speed always. The extra ener= gy is converted into an electroid however the electron always stops at Lyman’s height. If it has no extra energy, it starts to fall down aga= in. If it does have extra energy, either it emits a photon (if excited by a pas= sing photon) or it starts to climb again as if the Lyman’s height were now= the “surface of a big proton”. It will reach Balmer’s height = if it has enough energy. If not, it falls back down. This allows an electron to bounce to a non-quantum height, but it is very unstable because sooner or l= ater (usually sooner) when reaching Lyman’s height it instead emits a phot= on. Upon Reaching Balmer’s height (This height will act like it’s t= he surface of yet another larger proton), all the described history is repeate= d. The photon emission with energies lower than that required to reach Balmer&= #8217;s height generates the continuous spectrum. If Balmer’s height is reach= ed the bouncing becomes more stable, and lasts for a longer time. But the continuous spectrum’s energy is distributed on a wider zone with a lo= wer energy for each frequency, while the Balmer-Lyman difference is a very narr= ow spectrum-width shining with greater intensity.

Examining t= he second option again (in the case of a non disturbed electron) the first hei= ght behaves as a new launch pad (proton surface) causing the electron to reach = the second ceiling of emission (the Balmer height). This process of not emittin= g a photon while experiencing increased energy at emission time provides the impetus to reach the other heights as determined by last century’s pioneers. In the same way the electron would thus be able to reach the Paschen height and be able to acce= ss the next upper heights – those of the Brackett and Pfund series.=

This ceiling-mechanism is due to the braking action applied by the proton. When = an electron is moving, its kinetic energy is shared between its matter-wave and its electroid. If the proton brakes the electron (as it does), the tendency= is to convert the energy of the matter-wave into the electroid. The first total conversion happens at the Lyman height. If the electron does not emit its electroid as a photon it then stops at this height. However as mentioned be= fore the electroid has the ability to push the electron. Accordingly the electron begins to generate a matter-wave at this height. During the first interval = that culminates in reaching the Lyman height the electron starts to again create= a matter-wave from a null value position. Said matter-wave is growing while t= he electroid is decreasing.

When the e= nergy of both the matter-wave and the electroid become equal the course of energy exchange inverts and the matter-wave now supplies the electroid with energy. The result is an elec= tron with no matter wave. This last event happens much later in the cycle of a “bounce” because the braking by the proton removes energy from = the climbing electron while stretching the time. Consider the following flux-diagram. Attainment of Lyman’s ceiling happens at (a) and (b) th= at then branches to (b1) and (b2).

a. Normal b= ouncing, no extra energy.

b. With ext= ra energy.

b1. Electro= n stops with no matter wave but with an electroid; the electroid becomes a photon a= nd moves away, leaving the electron in the (a) condition

b2. Electro= n stops with no matter wave; the electroid begins to accelerate the electron; the e= lectron climbs again.

b2. Branche= s to b2a, b2b and b2c.

b2a. Not en= ough energy to reach Balmer’s ceiling. Electron reaches a lower height and then falls down.

b2b. Electr= on emits a photon finishing again in the (a) condition.

b2c. Electr= on reaches Balmer’s ceiling and ‘history’ restarts again from the Lyman’s ceiling.

Without the phenomenon of braking imposed by the proton the process of reaching the fir= st height would occur at double the Lyman’s height. The emission of a ph= oton as a result of the ascension of the electron is bounded by quantum rules. The time-by-energy value must be:<= o:p>

n.h where

h is the Pl= anck constant and

n is an int= eger.

Photon emi= ssion is reached at Balmer height, which is four times higher than that of the Ly= man height. It is because the energy of the electron decreases with the inverse= of the linear ratio of the radius, while time is proportional to the power 3/2= of the radius and at double the Lyman’s height it is out of phase. So, t= he first coincidence of phase happens four times higher than the Lyman’s ceiling (the Balmer ceiling).

Explaining= this again and in this case why the next height is not simply twice the first no= te that the matter wave first converts into an electroid, if simply repeated a= gain after leaving [the (b2) condition] it would happen at a ceiling double that= of Lyman’s. But the proton brakes the electron, thus lengthening the cyc= le. When the entire matter wave is converted into an electroid, another ceiling= is generated, but both cycles are different. Due to the decreasing energy, time for the cycle is lengthening. The mathematical development of this is an unpleasant differential function. It is an attenuated frequency curve. Thin= k of an L-C oscillator. It generates a sinusoid curve. Now, think that during the cycle the C (or L) value is continuously increasing. The sinus-curve is therefore lengthened, distorted and the cycle becomes longer (the analogy of the increasing C value representing the braking effect of the proton). The potential energy of the coupled proton-electron is a constant. This constant generates the practical value of Lyman’s ceiling. It is the completio= n of a cycle. That cycle is an energy-by-time value: the quantum value:

e.t =3D h.n. =

Where h =3D constant of Planck and = n is an integer meaning the digital number of cycles.

Ceilings a= re generated on integer values of a cycle (upon the completion of the matter w= ave at the end of a cycle eg the Lyman height) and the second ceiling can only exist with an e.t =3D h.n value. At Balmer’s ceiling n=3D2. At Pashen’s ceiling n=3D3, e= tc.

This could= well cause some indigestion for the common reader however they should regard it = in a similar vein to the operation of a car where there is an understanding that pressing the gas pedal causes the carburettor to release more petrol into t= he engine. The driver does not need to know all the complex practical problems= of a carburettor but just that it delivers fuel.

Of course t= he same happens at the third cycle, upon reaching Paschen’s ceiling and so on. These are the “photon-emission-ceilings”. Certainly, the mathematical development of this phenomenon is more complex than this initi= al simple explanation as detailed above but it does well to know it exists.

Another important clarification with this model is the fact that in one climb the electron can only emit ONE photon. If upon reaching the Balmer ceiling and = with extra energy a photon is emitted, the electron must fall back and cannot em= it any more photons in this cycle. The electron must be re–absorbed by the proton and begin a new cycle climbing again and in this cycle it can only r= each the Balmer ceiling. After bouncing several more times, it would emit a phot= on at Lyman’s ceiling. Remember: emission can NEVER occur during the fal= ling part of the cycle.

I repeat: i= f an electron reaches a ceiling height with its last bit of energy, it must fall back to the nucleus and continue to bounce in a stable pattern. This scenar= io occurs because the extra energy was emitted in the previous electron-cycle(= s) as a photon.

In this wa= y, the process of photon emission has determined ceilings. Thermal agitation of electrons causes differences of energy and generates a continuous spectrum. There is a tendency where photons are emitted to leave most of the electron= s in the normal bouncing condition. In another way the electrons would continue = to “bounce” between the nucleus and the quantum ceilings without needing to emit photons. Those electrons that can reach the Balmer height or higher ceiling release energy just at the moment of passing through the low= er ceiling. Then, if a wavefront – a photon of a determined length is pa= ssing by and if the electric vector and phase coincides, the electron that would = have reached (for example) the Balmer height is stopped at Lyman height and emit= s a photon of 1216 Ä, representing the potential energy between both level= s. Close to one in 10000 electrons is in phase to feed the wave front with emi= tted photons however it‘s enough to generate a laser beam. The wavelength of the wave front m= ust match the wavelength of the photon emitted by the electron at the Lyman height. This emitted photon r= epresents the energy of the difference between successive ceilings and will add to the passing wave front in the order of 1/10000 times.

Examining = this idea of photon wavefronts “There should exist a photon-front that “sweeps” through atoms. Usually there are a train of fronts. One front – in particular its dipole orientation – excites or stimulates the proton to emit an electron at a determined angle, perpendicu= lar to the movement of the front. The Electron is emitted when that first front= (photon) has passed. The next front whose phase coincides with the arrival of that electron to the height of emission thus determines the direction. It must b= e in line with the moving direction of the front. The moving direction of a fron= t is perpendicular to its dipole-axis (electric vector of the photon). So, an emitted photon is incorporated into the front. (Laser). The only requiremen= t is the emission moment: to be in phase with the front’s phase. As mentio= ned just above the average number of electrons for this requirement is about 1 among 10000. (5000 to 15000)”

Stated in another way, a proton due to release an electron is then ‘swept’= ; by a photon travelling in a particular direction then the proton will release = its electron perpendicular to the direction of the ‘sweeping’ photon. At the point the elec= tron reaches an emission height it emits a photon that is both perpendicular in direction to the emitted electron and parallel to the direction of the inva= ding photon thus the photon emitted adds to the photon encountered by the proton. The concept of why its perpendicular relates to the fact that dipole energy transfer is laterally = and will be discussed in the next chapter on Polar sheafs.

One might = ask can one photon constitute a wave front?&nb= sp; The answer to this is yes. For the purpose of removing a climbing electron’s energy, yes – a minimum front is a sole photon.=

Observe that a time interval to emit the photon does not exist. A ph= oton is emitted when the electron is TRAVELLING UP, not when it is falling.=

Consider the next important concept. A photon whose energy is equal = to the internal energy of an electron has a determined length. This length is = in fact the “Compton length” of the electron. For a still electron it is 0.0246 Ä. The electron is not an amorphous blob but a complex grouping of sub particles, which can deform depending on the various stresses placed upon it (velocity being one). In fact speed fla= ttens the electron such that it assumes the shape of a pancake with the flat area facing the direction of movement. As we know the Compton length decreases according Einstein’s formula. The = Compton length has an important rule. At each matter-wave cycle the electron (and e= very particle within it) advances one Compton length due to the formula:

v.L =3D c.s wher= e

v is the speed (much l= ower that that of light),

L is the length of matter-wave,

c is the speed of light and

s is the Compton length.

From the nucleus up to the Lyman height there are 43 matter-wave cyc= les. To emit a photon, one of the conditions is the coincidence of reaching the quantum requirements and to be in phase with the matter-wave cycle. The Bal= mer height has 172 cycles. If the climbing electron is pushed sideways, it can = bend its path and accommodate one more cycle (173). If the path is lengthened the speed must increase to satisfy the quantum requirements. The speed variation alters the mass of the electron. At the first cycle (just emitted) its aver= age speed is near 14200 km/sec. And the mass is increased to 1.001 with regard = to its condition at rest. The second cycle adds 1/5000 of the still mass. Total mass is increasing to near 1.0012 from the initial 1. One added cycle is sh= ared among the 172 cycles and the Balmer height varies within plus 1/143000. Thi= s is the observed value. So that instead of only one spectrum line there is a sh= eaf of lines: the fine spectrum. The Lyman level has no fine spectrum because a value of 1/43 is too high to accommodate another cycle. The Paschen level provides a much finer group of spectrum lines.

Using this “bouncing” model its possible to explain many of the mysteries = that up to now have had no real explanation.

One such m= ystery is why electrons do not crash while “running” on the same orbit? Simply because there a= re no orbits. Emission polar coordinate angles simulate a spherical atom. Basical= ly if different electrons are emitted in different angles, they will not crash= .

When talki= ng about ‘angles’ here the inference is used in relation to the po= lar coordinate language. It is not so much t= he idea of a ‘normal’ angle but a different direction of perpendic= ular ejection from the proton. As = an analogy if the proton were the Earth then its like throwing a ball directly= up however in different cycles you would be throwing the ball up first vertica= lly in the US then in the next cycle up in China and then the next in Europe but always directly up at that point on the surface.

This in mind hydrogen is therefore not a flat atom because its lonely electron is emitte= d in various polar co–ordinate angles, simulating a sea urchin.=

Covalency is also explained. Two hydrogen atoms make a strongly link= ed molecule (H₂). If electrons of both atoms are emitted simultaneo= usly in the same direction, their electroids generate an attraction. Accordingly= no resultant magnetic field exists because successive emissions annul magnetic effects. And no photon emissions exist because normal bouncing electrons do= not emit photons. Attraction exists while the respective electron electroids ex= ist. If both atoms are near to each other the electrostatic repulsions win. So, = both will find the average distance – being 1.06 Ä between each nucle= i. Using the orbit model to explain this you would find hydrogen simulating a = “magnetic-monster” as orbits would align. As we know this is not the case and in fact using the “bouncing” model the magnetic effect is inverted in successive cycles.

Permanent magnetism can also be trivially explained. If one atom emi= ts its electron and the neighbouring one captures it, and further with such coupling a ring is assembled, there exists a circular electronic current of electrons. If instead of a ring the coupling is experienced as a linear row, like the atoms of a wire, we have a conductive material. Adding electrons at one end and removing them at the opposite end a common electronic current is created. To make a permanent magnet we magnetize a material placing it into= a magnetic field. Such field orientates the atoms so as to create the coupled rings – a phenomenon of crystal accommodation.

This chapter has presented a high level view of a new model of the electron as it exists and some of the processes it undergoes. In particular= the chapter barely scratches the surface of the problem as a detailed study. It serves only to point us into th= e new direction. It simply provides= a new basis for the study of the electron and it is clear each paragraph could be comfortably developed into successive volumes of seriously detailed size. I will at this stage make an apolo= gy for the very poor mathematical basis and to my defense say that an outline of t= he model must be presented before dealing with specific areas and elucidating = the processes at the detailed level.

Finally remember that this is science fiction (as every theory of physics is) and in this case a special sub branch of it: I call it physics-fiction. Be aware tha= t the experiment based on it, presented later, is NOT fiction.<= /p>